作者:方琪 許麗珍 包仕堯
關(guān)鍵詞:腦出血
;病理生理;腦水腫;凝血酶摘要 腦出血病理生理機(jī)制是近年來(lái)研究的熱點(diǎn)
。既往認(rèn)為,活動(dòng)性腦出血是一次性的,腦出血后血腫壓迫微循環(huán)是引起腦組織損害的主要因素。但目前多數(shù)學(xué)者認(rèn)為,腦出血患者于發(fā)病后有繼續(xù)出血現(xiàn)象,這種現(xiàn)象可導(dǎo)致早期病情惡化。腦出血后血腫分解釋放多種活性物質(zhì)對(duì)腦組織具有損害作用,可表現(xiàn)為局部腦血流和代謝的變化、腦水腫、血腦屏障的損害及對(duì)腦細(xì)胞的毒性損傷等諸多方面。腦出血的發(fā)生率
、死亡率和致殘率均較高,目前臨床上除運(yùn)用傳統(tǒng)脫水藥外,治療手段較少。人們希望通過(guò)對(duì)腦出血病理生理機(jī)制的進(jìn)一步研究為臨床治療提供新的依據(jù)和方法。本文就腦出血后腦內(nèi)血腫病理的重新認(rèn)識(shí),尤其是局部腦血流的變化、腦水腫、血腦屏障的改變和腦細(xì)胞的毒性損傷等方面作一綜述。1對(duì)腦內(nèi)血腫病理作用的重新認(rèn)識(shí)
既往認(rèn)為
,活動(dòng)性腦出血多是一次性的,很少持續(xù)1h以上,現(xiàn)在發(fā)現(xiàn)起病1h后出血仍可持續(xù)。Brott等[1]報(bào)道,至少有38%患者的血腫在腦出血后24h內(nèi)有擴(kuò)大
(1)年齡較輕
(2)病變部位較深,如丘腦
(3)高血壓未能得到有效控制
(4)急驟過(guò)度脫水治療;
(5)病前服用阿司匹林或其他抗血小板藥
(6)血腫不規(guī)則
但目前認(rèn)為,除血腫本身的占位性損害外
,尚有周?chē)X組織血液循環(huán)障礙、代謝紊亂(如酸中毒)、血管運(yùn)動(dòng)麻痹、血腦屏障受損和血液分解產(chǎn)物釋放多種生物活性物質(zhì)對(duì)腦組織的損害。有學(xué)者用50μl微氣囊充脹模型研究了單獨(dú)占位效應(yīng)引起的缺血性改變,發(fā)現(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)隔區(qū)缺血性損傷明顯輕于注入同等血量的腦出血模型,說(shuō)明血液分解釋放的多種活性物質(zhì)對(duì)腦組織有損害作用。2局部腦血流的變化
實(shí)驗(yàn)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),出血后血腫周?chē)M織的血流可出現(xiàn)短暫下降
,其下降程度與血腫大小呈正相關(guān)。在出血量相同的情況下,隨著時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)局部腦血流(rCBF)一般也逐漸下降
。腦出血后雖存在缺血,但梗死的出現(xiàn)取決于缺血程度和持續(xù)時(shí)間。實(shí)驗(yàn)表明
,猴腦血流下降至10~12ml/(100g·min)達(dá)2~3h才出現(xiàn)梗死3腦水腫
既往認(rèn)為,腦出血后血腫壓迫微循環(huán)可引起周?chē)M織缺血
3.1凝血酶
近年來(lái),在腦出血后腦水腫形成的機(jī)制研究中
1996年
Kevin在1997年的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)
由此可見(jiàn),凝血酶本身和凝血過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的一系列物質(zhì)是引起腦出血早期腦水腫的重要因素
水蛭素是凝血酶的特異性抑制劑,理論上可用于臨床治療
3.2血紅蛋白
近年來(lái)的研究表明,腦內(nèi)注入濃縮血細(xì)胞或紅細(xì)胞并不能產(chǎn)生顯著的水腫
1998年
因此,在腦出血后腦水腫形成的中
3.3血漿蛋白
1996年
3.4其他影響因素
1998年
1998年,Mayer等[13]用SPECT觀察腦出血急性期血腫邊緣腦血流的變化發(fā)現(xiàn)
4對(duì)血腦屏障的影響
血腫形成24h后,同側(cè)大腦半球血腦屏障的滲透性明顯增高[14]
凝血酶破壞血腦屏障的確切機(jī)制尚不清楚
,最近的研究顯示腦血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞缺乏密集的凝血酶受體,因此可能與受體介導(dǎo)的途徑無(wú)明顯關(guān)系[17]。此外
,腦出血后4h即可出現(xiàn)腦水腫,而此時(shí)血腦屏障的破壞尚不明顯,因此,腦出血后早期腦水腫的形成與凝血酶對(duì)血腦屏障完整性的影響無(wú)關(guān)。5對(duì)腦細(xì)胞的毒性損傷
大鼠尾狀核注血后10min,尾狀核rCBF下降
,3h后rCBF恢復(fù)至接近正常Matz等[18]研究rCBF與病理改變的關(guān)系證實(shí)
最近
研究者們認(rèn)為
,早期的腦水腫是直接細(xì)胞毒性作用所致。這種毒性作用可能通過(guò)細(xì)胞毒性受體或被凝血酶激活的酶原傳遞的,通過(guò)軸突、樹(shù)突引起其他神經(jīng)元和神經(jīng)細(xì)胞突起回縮,造成細(xì)胞損傷[20]。凝血酶對(duì)腦細(xì)胞的毒性損傷作用,還可導(dǎo)致腦細(xì)胞的電生理異常。6小結(jié)
盡管近年來(lái)對(duì)腦出血病理生理機(jī)制的研究揭示了腦出血對(duì)腦損害的病理過(guò)程
,明顯改善了腦出血的治療現(xiàn)狀,但腦出血的病理生理機(jī)制十分復(fù)雜,對(duì)它的認(rèn)識(shí)有待進(jìn)一步深入。參考文獻(xiàn)
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