作者:張軍臣 張延慶 張春芬
關(guān)鍵詞:內(nèi)皮素
;內(nèi)皮素受體摘要 內(nèi)皮素受體介導(dǎo)了內(nèi)皮素在蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血后腦血管痙攣時(shí)的血管舒縮功能
腦血管痙攣(CVS)是蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血(SAH)最常見的高危并發(fā)癥之一
,是SAH患者致殘和致死的重要原因[1]。許多資料表明,內(nèi)皮素(ET)參與了SAH后CVS和遲發(fā)性腦缺血的病理生理過(guò)程1ET-R拮抗劑的分類
自1991年首次發(fā)現(xiàn)ET-R以來(lái)
(1)選擇性ETA-R拮抗劑
(2)選擇性ETB-R拮抗劑
(3)混合性ET-R拮抗劑,包括Bosentan和TAK-044等
2ET-R拮抗劑對(duì)CVS的預(yù)防作用
SAH前應(yīng)用ET-R拮抗劑,使SAH后CVS減輕甚至不發(fā)生,則稱為ET-R拮抗劑對(duì)CVS的預(yù)防作用
過(guò)去人們對(duì)ETB-R能否預(yù)防CVS一直持懷疑態(tài)度
SAH后,內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞釋放的ET除引起血管痙攣外
3ET-R拮抗劑對(duì)CVS的治療作用
CVS發(fā)生后再用ET-R拮抗劑,CVS程度減輕
1998年
在CVS發(fā)生過(guò)程中
4ET-R 拮抗劑的治療作用機(jī)制
Josko等[12]觀察SAH大鼠血清ET-1濃度的變化發(fā)現(xiàn)
Zuccarello等[6]探討了ETB-R拮抗劑防治CVS的作用機(jī)制
他們分析認(rèn)為,如果ETB1-R活化誘導(dǎo)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的內(nèi)源性ET-1與SAH后CVS無(wú)直接關(guān)系
5給藥途徑
ET-R拮抗劑的給藥途徑可分全身和局部?jī)煞N
6副作用
最近
,Shaw等[13]對(duì)一種混合性ET-R拮抗劑TAK-044進(jìn)行了Ⅱ期臨床試驗(yàn)。他們采用隨機(jī)雙盲對(duì)照法對(duì)402例SAH患者進(jìn)行了3個(gè)月的觀察,發(fā)現(xiàn)患者對(duì)TAK-044有良好的耐受性,副作用包括高血壓和頭痛,這與TAK-044的擴(kuò)血管效應(yīng)有關(guān),但患者都能忍受。另外,患者對(duì)Bosentan也具有很好的耐受性,但靜脈注射可能會(huì)引起一些興奮或刺激癥狀。在動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中,Bosentan不影響基礎(chǔ)血壓、心率,這一點(diǎn)是非常有意義的,因?yàn)槟壳俺S糜赟AH治療的尼莫地平和其他藥物在治療的同時(shí)可引起明顯的全身血壓下降。但有報(bào)道發(fā)現(xiàn),Bosentan可引起猴癲癇、偏癱和顱內(nèi)血腫,認(rèn)為這些副作用是給藥劑量過(guò)大所致[14]。7展望
目前
,盡管仍有報(bào)道認(rèn)為ET-R拮抗劑不能治療CVS,但ET-R拮抗劑的發(fā)現(xiàn)必將為CVS的防治提供一條新的途徑參考文獻(xiàn)
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